Isimo sobhubhane lwe-COVID-19 sandisa isisusa sokutshalwa kwezimali "sengqalasizinda entsha"

Isizathu sokuthi "ingqalasizinda entsha" ibizwa ngokuthi "entsha" sihlobene nengqalasizinda yendabuko efana "nendiza yomphakathi yensimbi", ekhonza kakhulu ingqalasizinda yohlangothi lwesayensi nobuchwepheshe. Iphrojekthi yomlando efanayo "engqalasizinda entsha" "yesizwe" ephakanyiswe nguMongameli wase-US uClinton ngo-1993. "Umgwaqo Omkhulu Wolwazi", ukwakhiwa kwengqalasizinda enkulu emkhakheni wolwazi, uhlelo lube nomthelela omkhulu emhlabeni wonke, futhi lwadala inkazimulo yesikhathi esizayo yomnotho wolwazi wase-US. Esikhathini somnotho wezimboni, ukwakhiwa kwengqalasizinda kubonakala ekukhuthazeni izinsiza ezibonakalayo Ukugeleza nokuhlanganiswa kochungechunge lokuhlinzekwa; esikhathini somnotho wedijithali, ukuxhumana kweselula, idatha enkulu, ubuhlakani bokwenziwa kanye nezinye izikhungo zemishini yenethiwekhi kanye nezikhungo zesikhungo sedatha sezibe yingqalasizinda edingekayo futhi ebanzi.

"Ingqalasizinda entsha" ephakanyisiwe kulokhu inomqondo obanzi kanye nezinhloso zesevisi ezibanzi. Isibonelo, i-5G iwukuxhumana kweselula, i-UHV iwugesi, izitimela ezihamba ngesivinini esikhulu phakathi kwamadolobha kanye nokuhamba kwezitimela phakathi kwamadolobha kuyizinto zokuhamba, izikhungo zedatha enkulu ze-inthanethi nezinsizakalo zedijithali, kanti ubuhlakani bokwenziwa kanye ne-inthanethi yezimboni kuyinsimu ecebile nehlukahlukene. Lokhu kungabangela inkinga yokuthi konke kufakwe kuyo, kodwa lokhu kuhlobene negama elithi "okusha" ngoba izinto ezintsha zihlala zithuthuka.

Ngo-2019, izinhlaka ezifanele zalungisa isizindalwazi sephrojekthi ye-PPP yasekhaya, ngokutshalwa kwezimali okuphelele okungu-17.6 trillion yuan, kanti ukwakhiwa kwengqalasizinda kuseyikhanda elikhulu, u-7.1 trillion yuan, okubalwa u-41%; izindlu zibekwe endaweni yesibili, u-3.4 trillion yuan, okubalwa u-20%; "Ingqalasizinda entsha" ingama-yuan ayizigidigidi eziyi-100, okubalwa u-0.5%, kanti inani eliphelele alilikhulu. Ngokwezibalo ze-21st Century Business Herald, kusukela ngomhlaka-5 Mashi, uhlu lwezinhlelo zokutshalwa kwezimali zesikhathi esizayo olukhishwe yizifundazwe nomasipala abangu-24 lufingqiwe, oluhilela amaphrojekthi angu-22,000, anesilinganiso esiphelele esingu-47.6 trillion yuan, kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali okuhleliwe okungu-8 trillion yuan ngo-2020. Ingxenye "yengqalasizinda entsha" isivele icishe ibe ngu-10%.

Phakathi nalolu bhubhane, umnotho wedijithali ubonise amandla aqinile, futhi izinhlobo eziningi zedijithali ezifana nokuphila kwamafu, ihhovisi lamafu, kanye nomnotho wamafu ziye zanda ngamandla, zengeza ugqozi olusha ekwakhiweni "kwengqalasizinda entsha". Ngemva kwalolu bhubhane, ukucatshangelwa kokuvuselelwa komnotho, "ingqalasizinda entsha" kuzothola ukunakwa okwengeziwe kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu, futhi kubeke amathemba amaningi okukhuthaza ukukhula komnotho.

Ukusetshenziswa kwensimbi ngamandla ezindaweni eziyisikhombisa

Ukubekwa kwezindawo eziyisikhombisa ezinkulu "zengqalasizinda entsha" kusekelwe emnothweni wedijithali kanye nomnotho ohlakaniphile. Imboni yensimbi izozuza emandleni amasha e-kinetic kanye nekhono elisha elihlinzekwa "yingqalasizinda entsha" ezingeni eliphakeme, futhi "Ingqalasizinda" izohlinzeka ngezinto eziyisisekelo ezidingekayo.

Zihlelwe ngezinkambu eziyisikhombisa kanye namandla ensimbi ezintweni zensimbi, kusukela phezulu kuya phansi, ziyisitimela esisheshayo esiphakathi kwamadolobha kanye nesitimela esiphakathi kwamadolobha, i-UHV, inqwaba yokushaja izimoto zamandla amasha, isiteshi sesisekelo se-5G, isikhungo sedatha esikhulu, i-inthanethi yezimboni, ubuhlakani bokwenziwa.

Ngokusho kohlelo lwe-"Thirteenth Five-Year Plan" lweNational Railway, uhlelo lwamamayela ebhizinisi lesitimela esinejubane eliphezulu lwango-2020 luzoba amakhilomitha angu-30,000. Ngo-2019, ibanga lokusebenza lamanje lesitimela esinejubane eliphezulu selifinyelele kumakhilomitha angu-35,000, futhi umgomo udluliwe ngaphambi kwesikhathi esibekiwe." Ngo-2020, isitimela sikazwelonke sizotshala ama-yuan ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-800 futhi siqalise ukusebenza kwemigqa emisha yamakhilomitha angu-4,000, lapho isitimela esinejubane eliphezulu sizoba amakhilomitha angu-2,000. Ukugxila kuzoba emaphutheni, amanethiwekhi abethelwe, kanye nokuqina kokutshalwa kwezimali kuzoba okufanayo ngo-2019. Ngokuphikisana nesizinda sokwakheka okuyisisekelo kwenethiwekhi kazwelonke yomgogodla, ngo-2019, inani eliphelele lemizila yasemadolobheni ezweni lizofinyelela kumakhilomitha angu-6,730, ukwanda kwamakhilomitha angu-969, kanti ukuqina kokutshalwa kwezimali kuzoba cishe yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-700. Iqhutshwa inguqulo ethuthukisiwe yenqubomgomo "yengqalasizinda entsha", Ukuxhumana kwesifunda ngaphansi kwenethiwekhi yomgogodla, amaphrojekthi okubethela, okungukuthi izitimela ezinejubane eliphezulu phakathi kwamadolobha kanye nokuhamba kwezitimela phakathi kwamadolobha, kuzoba yinto ebalulekile ekwakheni esikhathini esizayo. Izindawo ezithuthuke kakhulu kwezomnotho, isidingo esinamandla kakhulu, ukugxila okulandelayo kwesifunda uMfula iYangtze IDelta, iZhuhai Ngokusho kohlelo "lweShanghai 2035", iChangjiang, iBeijing, iTianjin, iHebei kanye neChangjiang zizokwakha inethiwekhi yezokuthutha yesitimela "engamakhilomitha amathathu ayi-1000" yemizila yasemadolobheni, imizila ephakathi kwamadolobha, kanye nemizila yasendaweni. Ukutshalwa kwezimali kwamaRandi ayizigidi eziyi-100 ezitimeleni kudinga okungenani ukusetshenziswa kwensimbi okungu-0.333 Kukhona ukutshalwa kwezimali kwamaRandi ayizigidi eziyi-1 ukuze kuqhutshwe isidingo samathani angu-3333 ensimbi, futhi ukusetshenziswa isikhathi eside kuyizinto zokwakha kanye nezinto zesitimela.

I-UHV. Le nsimu iqhutshwa kakhulu yiGridi Yombuso. Manje sekusobala ukuthi ngo-2020, kuzovunyelwa ama-UHV angu-7. Lokhu kudonswa kwensimbi kubonakala kakhulu ensimbini kagesi. Ngo-2019, ukusetshenziswa kwensimbi kagesi kungamathani angu-979, okukhuphuke ngo-6.6% izikhathi eziningana. Ngemuva kokwanda kokutshalwa kwezimali kwegridi okulethwe yi-UHV, kulindeleke ukuthi isidingo sensimbi kagesi sikhule.

Inqwaba yokushaja yezimoto ezintsha zamandla. Ngokusho kwe-"New Energy Vehicle Industry Development Plan", isilinganiso sokuwohloka siyi-1:1, futhi kuzoba nezinqwaba zokushaja ezingaba yizigidi eziyi-7 eShayina ngo-2025. Inqwaba yokushaja ihlanganisa kakhulu indawo yokusingatha imishini, izintambo, amakholomu nezinye izinto ezisizayo. Inqwaba yokushaja engu-7KW ibiza cishe u-20,000, kanti u-120KW udinga cishe u-150,000. Inani lensimbi yezinqwaba zokushaja ezincane liyancishiswa. Ezinkulu zizofaka insimbi ethile yezibakaki. Uma kubalwa isilinganiso samathani angu-0.5 ngalinye, izinqwaba zokushaja eziyizigidi eziyi-7 zidinga cishe amathani angu-350 ensimbi.

Isiteshi sesisekelo se-5G. Ngokusho kokubikezela kwe-China Information Communication Institute, ukutshalwa kwezimali kwezwe lami ekwakhiweni kwenethiwekhi ye-5G kulindeleke ukuthi kufinyelele ku-1.2 trillion yuan ngo-2025; ukutshalwa kwezimali emishinini ye-5G ngo-2020 kuzoba yi-90.2 billion, okuzotshalwa kuyo okungu-45.1 billion emishinini eyinhloko, kanti eminye imishini esekelayo njengemibhoshongo yezokuxhumana izofakwa. Ingqalasizinda ye-5G ihlukaniswe izinhlobo ezimbili zeziteshi zesisekelo se-macro kanye neziteshi zesisekelo se-micro. Umbhoshongo omkhulu wangaphandle uyisiteshi sesisekelo se-macro kanye nokugxila kokwakhiwa okukhulu kwamanje. Ukwakhiwa kwesiteshi sesisekelo se-macro kwakhiwe ngemishini eyinhloko, izikhungo zemishini esekela ugesi, ukwakhiwa kwezindlu, njll. Insimbi ehilelekile yigumbi lomshini, amakhabethe, amakhabethe, imibhoshongo yemibhoshongo yezokuxhumana, njll. Umthamo wensimbi we-mast yombhoshongo wezokuxhumana ubala ubukhulu, kanti isisindo sombhoshongo ojwayelekile wamashubhu amathathu singaba ngamathani angu-8.5, kodwa iziteshi eziningi zesisekelo se-macro kanye neziteshi zesisekelo se-micro zizothembela ku-2/3/4G ekhona kanye nezinye izikhungo zokuxhumana. Iziteshi ezincane zesisekelo zisetshenziswa kakhulu ezindaweni ezinabantu abaningi, lapho ukusetshenziswa kwensimbi kuncane khona. Ngakho-ke, ukusetshenziswa kwensimbi okuqhutshwa yiziteshi zesisekelo ze-5G ngeke kube kukhulu kakhulu. Cishe ngokusho kokutshalwa kwezimali kwesiteshi sesisekelo okungu-5%, insimbi iyadingeka, kanti ukutshalwa kwezimali okuyizigidigidi zamaRandi ku-5G kuqhubekisela ukusetshenziswa kwensimbi ukuthi kwande ngama-yuan angaba yizigidigidi ezingama-50.

Isikhungo sedatha esikhulu, ubuhlakani bokwenziwa, i-inthanethi yezimboni. Ukutshalwa kwezimali kwehadiwe kutholakala kakhulu emakamelweni ekhompyutha, kumaseva, njll., uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izindawo ezine, ukusetshenziswa kwensimbi ngqo kuncane.

Ukubona Ukusetshenziswa Kwensimbi "Entsha Yengqalasizinda" Evela Kumasampula eGuangdong

Nakuba inani lensimbi esetshenziswa ezindaweni eziyisikhombisa ezinkulu lihluka, ngoba ezokuthutha ngezitimela zibangela ingxenye enkulu yokutshalwa kwezimali kwengqalasizinda entsha kanye nokwakhiwa, kuzoba sobala kakhulu ukukhulisa ukusetshenziswa kwensimbi. Ngokusho kohlu lwamaphrojekthi okutshalwa kwezimali olushicilelwe yiSifundazwe saseGuangdong, kunemiklamo yokwakha ebalulekile engu-1,230 ngo-2020, kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali okuphelele okungu-5.9 trillion yuan, kanye namaphrojekthi okuqala angu-868, kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali okuphelele okulinganiselwa ku-3.4 trillion yuan. Ingqalasizinda entsha ingu-1 trillion yuan, okwenza u-10% wohlelo lokutshalwa kwezimali oluphelele lwama-9.3 trillion yuan.

Sekukonke, ukutshalwa kwezimali okuphelele kwezokuthutha ngesitimela phakathi kwamadolobha kanye nezokuthutha ngesitimela zasemadolobheni kungama-yuan ayizigidigidi ezingama-906.9, okubalwa u-90%. Isikali sokutshalwa kwezimali esingu-90% yisona kanye indawo enobuningi bensimbi ephezulu, futhi inani lamaphrojekthi angu-39 lingaphezulu kakhulu kwelezinye izindawo. Ngokusho kolwazi oluvela kwiKhomishini Yentuthuko Nokuguqulwa Kazwelonke, ukuvunyelwa kwamaphrojekthi ezokuthutha ngesitimela phakathi kwamadolobha kanye nasemadolobheni sekufinyelele izigidigidi. Kulindeleke ukuthi le ndawo izoba yindawo okugxilwe kuyo ekutshalweni kwezimali engqalasizinda entsha ngokwesilinganiso kanye nobuningi.

Ngakho-ke, "ingqalasizinda entsha" iyithuba lemboni yensimbi lokukhuthaza ikhwalithi nokusebenza kahle kwayo, futhi izokwakha indawo entsha yokukhula kwesidingo sensimbi.