1. Ikhabhoni (C): Njengoba okuqukethwe yikhabhoni kwanda ensimbini, amandla okukhiqiza kanye namandla okudonsa ayanda, kodwa ukuqina kwe-plasticity kanye namandla okushaya ayancipha; Kodwa-ke, lapho okuqukethwe yikhabhoni kudlula u-0.23%, amandla okushisela ensimbi ayawohloka. Ngakho-ke, okuqukethwe yikhabhoni kwensimbi yesakhiwo esine-alloy ephansi esetshenziselwa ukushisela ngokuvamile akudluli u-0.20%. Ukwanda kokuqukethwe kwekhabhoni kuzonciphisa nokumelana nokugqwala kwensimbi emoyeni, futhi insimbi enekhabhoni ephezulu kulula ukuyigqwala emoyeni ovulekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ikhabhoni ingandisa ubuthakathaka obubandayo kanye nokuzwela kokuguga kwensimbi.

2. I-Silicon (Si): I-Silicon iyi-deoxidizer enamandla enqubweni yokwenza insimbi, futhi okuqukethwe kwe-silicon ensimbini ebulewe ngokuvamile kungama-0.12%-0.37%. Uma okuqukethwe kwe-silicon ensimbini kudlula u-0.50%, i-silicon ibizwa ngokuthi i-alloying element. I-Silicon ingathuthukisa kakhulu umkhawulo we-elastic, amandla okukhiqiza kanye namandla okudonsa ensimbi, futhi isetshenziswa kabanzi njengensimbi yasentwasahlobo. Ukwengeza i-silicon engu-1.0-1.2% ensimbini yesakhiwo ecinyiwe futhi ethambile kungandisa amandla ngo-15-20%. Uma ihlanganiswe ne-silicon, i-molybdenum, i-tungsten kanye ne-chromium, ingathuthukisa ukumelana nokugqwala kanye nokumelana ne-oxidation, futhi ingasetshenziswa ukukhiqiza insimbi engashisi. Insimbi ephansi yekhabhoni equkethe i-silicon engu-1.0-4.0%, ene-magnetic permeability ephezulu kakhulu, isetshenziswa njengensimbi kagesi embonini kagesi. Ukwanda kokuqukethwe kwe-silicon kuzonciphisa amandla okushisela ensimbi.

3. I-Manganese (Mn): I-Manganese iyi-deoxidizer enhle kanye ne-desulfurizer. Ngokuvamile, insimbi iqukethe i-manganese engu-0.30-0.50%. Uma i-manganese engaphezu kuka-0.70% ingezwa ensimbini yekhabhoni, ibizwa ngokuthi "insimbi ye-manganese". Uma iqhathaniswa nensimbi evamile, ayigcini nje ngokuba nokuqina okwanele, kodwa futhi inamandla aphezulu kanye nobunzima, okuthuthukisa amandla okuqina kanye nekhono lokusebenza elishisayo lensimbi. Insimbi equkethe i-manganese engu-11-14% inokumelana okukhulu kakhulu nokuguguleka, futhi ivame ukusetshenziswa ebhakedeni lokumba, i-ball mill liner, njll. Ngokwanda kokuqukethwe kwe-manganese, ukumelana nokugqwala kwensimbi kuyancishiswa futhi ukusebenza kokuwelda kuyancishiswa.

4. I-Phosphorus (P): Ngokuvamile, i-phosphorus iyisici esiyingozi ensimbini, esithuthukisa amandla ensimbi, kodwa sinciphise ukuqina kwensimbi, sandise ukuqina kwensimbi, futhi sonakalise ukusebenza kokushisela kanye nokusebenza kokugoba okubandayo. Ngakho-ke, ngokuvamile kuyadingeka ukuthi okuqukethwe kwe-phosphorus ensimbini kungaphansi kuka-0.045%, futhi isidingo sensimbi esezingeni eliphezulu siphansi.

5. I-Sulfur (S): I-Sulfur nayo iyisici esiyingozi ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile. Yenza insimbi ishise ibe buthakathaka, yehlise ukuqina nokuqina kwensimbi, futhi ibangele imifantu ngesikhathi sokwakha nokugingqa. I-Sulfur nayo iyingozi ekusebenzeni kokushisela futhi yehlisa ukumelana nokugqwala. Ngakho-ke, okuqukethwe kwe-sulfur ngokuvamile kungaphansi kuka-0.055%, kanti okwensimbi esezingeni eliphezulu kungaphansi kuka-0.040%. Ukwengeza i-sulfur engu-0.08-0.20% ensimbini kungathuthukisa ukungasebenzi kahle kwe-mach, okuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi insimbi esika ngokukhululeka.

6. I-Aluminium (Al): I-Aluminium iyi-deoxidizer esetshenziswa kakhulu ensimbini. Ukwengeza inani elincane le-aluminium ensimbini kungathuthukisa usayizi wezinhlamvu futhi kuthuthukise ukuqina komthelela; I-Aluminium iphinde ibe nokumelana nokugqwala kanye nokumelana nokugqwala. Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-aluminium ne-chromium ne-silicon kungathuthukisa kakhulu ukusebenza kokugqwala kwezinga lokushisa eliphezulu kanye nokumelana nokugqwala kwezinga lokushisa eliphezulu kwensimbi. Ububi be-aluminium ukuthi ithinta ukusebenza okushisa, ukusebenza kokushisela kanye nokusebenza kokusika kwensimbi.

7. I-oksijini (O) kanye ne-nitrogen (N): I-oksijini kanye ne-nitrogen yizinto eziyingozi ezingangena zisuka kugesi esithandweni lapho insimbi incibilika. I-oksijini ingenza insimbi ishise ibe buthakathaka, futhi umphumela wayo unzima kakhulu kunowesibabule. I-nitrogen ingenza ukuba buthakathaka kwensimbi kufane nokwe-phosphorus. Umphumela wokuguga kwe-nitrogen ungandisa ubulukhuni namandla ensimbi, kodwa wehlise ukuguguleka nokuqina, ikakhulukazi uma kwenzeka ukuguga kwe-deformation.

8. I-Niobium (Nb), i-vanadium (V) kanye ne-titanium (Ti): I-Niobium, i-vanadium kanye ne-titanium konke kuyizinto zokucwenga okusanhlamvu. Ukwengeza lezi zinto ngendlela efanele kungathuthukisa isakhiwo sensimbi, kucwenge okusanhlamvu futhi kuthuthukise kakhulu amandla nokuqina kwensimbi.