1. Ikhabhoni (C): Ngokukhula kokuqukethwe kwekhabhoni ensimbi, amandla esivuno namandla aqinile ayakhula, kodwa ipulasitiki namandla omthelela ayancipha;Kodwa-ke, lapho okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni kudlula u-0.23%, amandla okushisela ensimbi ayawohloka.Ngakho-ke, okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni yensimbi ephansi ye-alloy structural esetshenziselwa ukushisela ngokuvamile akudluli ku-0.20%.Ukwanda kokuqukethwe kwekhabhoni kuzophinde kunciphise ukumelana nokugqwala komkhathi wensimbi, futhi insimbi ye-carbon ephezulu kulula ukugqwala emoyeni ovulekile.Ngaphezu kwalokho, ikhabhoni ingakhuphula ukuqina okubandayo nokuzwela ukuguga kwensimbi.

2. I-Silicon (Si): I-Silicon iyi-deoxidizer eqinile enqubweni yokwenza insimbi, futhi okuqukethwe kwe-silicon ensimbi ebulewe ngokuvamile kungu-0.12% -0.37%.Uma okuqukethwe kwe-silicon ensimbi kudlula u-0.50%, i-silicon ibizwa ngokuthi i-alloying element.I-silicon ingathuthukisa kakhulu umkhawulo wokunwebeka, ikhiqize amandla namandla ensimbi eqinile, futhi isetshenziswa kabanzi njengensimbi yasentwasahlobo.Ukwengeza i-silicon engu-1.0-1.2% ensimbi yesakhiwo ecishiwe futhi eqinile kungakhuphula amandla ngo-15-20%.Ihlanganiswe ne-silicon, i-molybdenum, i-tungsten ne-chromium, ingathuthukisa ukumelana nokugqwala kanye nokumelana ne-oxidation, futhi ingasetshenziswa ukwenza insimbi ekwazi ukumelana nokushisa.Insimbi enekhabhoni ephansi equkethe i-silicon engu-1.0-4.0%, enokungena kazibuthe okuphakeme kakhulu, isetshenziswa njengensimbi kagesi embonini kagesi.Ukwanda kokuqukethwe kwe-silicon kuzonciphisa amandla okushisela ensimbi.

3. I-Manganese (Mn): I-Manganese iyi-deoxidizer enhle ne-desulfurizer.Ngokuvamile, insimbi iqukethe 0.30-0.50% manganese.Uma i-manganese engaphezu kuka-0.70% yengezwa ku-carbon steel, ibizwa ngokuthi "insimbi ye-manganese".Uma kuqhathaniswa nensimbi evamile, ayinakho nje kuphela ukuqina okwanele, kodwa futhi inamandla aphakeme nobulukhuni, okuthuthukisa ikhono eliqinile kanye nekhono lokusebenza elishisayo lensimbi.Insimbi equkethe u-11-14% we-manganese inokumelana nokugqokwa okuphezulu kakhulu, futhi ivamise ukusetshenziswa ku-excavator ibhakede, i-ball mill liner, njll. Ngokukhula kokuqukethwe kwe-manganese, ukumelana nokugqwala kwensimbi kuba buthaka futhi ukusebenza kokushisela kuyehla.

4. I-Phosphorus (P): Ngokuvamile, i-phosphorus iyinto eyingozi ensimbi, ethuthukisa amandla ensimbi, kodwa yehlisa ukuvela kwensimbi nokuqina kwensimbi, ikhulise ukuhwamuka okubandayo kwensimbi, futhi yonakalise ukusebenza kokushisela kanye nokusebenza okubandayo kokugoba. .Ngakho-ke, ngokuvamile kuyadingeka ukuthi okuqukethwe kwe-phosphorus ensimbi kungaphansi kuka-0.045%, futhi imfuneko yensimbi ephezulu iphansi.

5. Isibabule (Izi-S): Isibabule siphinde sibe yisici esiyingozi ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile.Yenza insimbi ishise ibe brittle, wehlise ukudubeka nokuqina kwensimbi, futhi ubangele ukuqhekeka ngesikhathi sokubumba nokugingqika.Isibabule siphinde sibe yingozi ekusebenzeni kokushisela futhi sinciphisa ukumelana nokugqwala.Ngakho-ke, okuqukethwe kwesibabule kuvame ukuba ngaphansi kuka-0.055%, futhi okwensimbi yekhwalithi ephezulu kungaphansi kuka-0.040%.Ukwengeza i-0.08-0.20% isulfure ensimbi kungathuthukisa ukungakwazi kwe-mach, okuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi insimbi yokusika mahhala.

6. I-Aluminium (Al): I-Aluminium iyi-deoxidizer esetshenziswa kakhulu ensimbi.Ukwengeza inani elincane le-aluminium ensimbi kungacwenga usayizi wokusanhlamvu futhi kuthuthukise ukuqina komthelela;I-Aluminium nayo inokumelana ne-oxidation nokumelana nokugqwala.Inhlanganisela ye-aluminium ene-chromium ne-silicon ingathuthukisa kakhulu ukusebenza kokuxebuka kwezinga lokushisa eliphezulu kanye nokumelana nokugqwala kwezinga lokushisa eliphezulu kwensimbi.Ububi be-aluminium ukuthi kuthinta ukusebenza okushisayo, ukusebenza kwe-welding kanye nokusebenza kokusika kwensimbi.

7. I-oksijeni (O) ne-nitrogen (N): I-oksijeni ne-nitrogen izakhi eziyingozi ezingangena zisuka esithandweni somlilo lapho insimbi incibilika.Umoya-mpilo ungenza insimbi ishise ibe brittle, futhi umphumela wawo unzima kakhulu kunowesulfure.I-nitrogen ingenza ukubanda kwensimbi kufane nokwe-phosphorus.Umthelela wokuguga we-nitrogen ungakhuphula ubulukhuni namandla ensimbi, kodwa wehlise i-ductility kanye nokuqina, ikakhulukazi esimweni sokuguga okonakele.

8. I-Niobium (Nb), i-vanadium (V) ne-titanium (Ti): I-Niobium, i-vanadium ne-titanium zonke ziyizakhi zokucwenga okusanhlamvu.Ukwengeza lezi zakhi ngendlela efanele kungathuthukisa isakhiwo sensimbi, kucwengisise okusanhlamvu futhi kuthuthukise kakhulu amandla nokuqina kwensimbi.